TOPICS
FOR SECOND TEST
1. COMPARISON OF COMPOUND LIGHT
MICROSCOPES
Highlight
differences in design and final images for:
a.
Brightfield
b.
Darkfield
Brighfield floods the specimen with light
use of dye to see microorganism
Darkfield has opaque disc
black backround, specimen (glows)
no dye used
-has opaqe disc
2. PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY
Shows greater differentiation internal strcture and clearly shows the pellicles without staining.
a.
Explain how it works
b.
Describe image formation and view
c.
Determine how it is designed differently from other Microscopes
- has annular diaphram or annular ring inbed in the condenser
-it splits light rays into multiple rays to permit d3taol examination of internal structure innliving microorganisums.
Has diffraction plate- (phase ring) in objective lens
Create image by using different kinds of gray shades
Better without die
-it splits light rays into multiple rays to permit d3taol examination of internal structure innliving microorganisums.
Has diffraction plate- (phase ring) in objective lens
Create image by using different kinds of gray shades
Better without die
3. DIFFERENTIAL INTERFERENCE
CONTRAST MICROSCOPY
a.
Explain how it works
b.
Describe image formation and view
c.
Determine how it is designed differently from other Microscopes
4. FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY
a.
Recall how wavelength and Resolution are linked
b.
Describe Fluorochrome and Chromophore
c.
Explain how it works and describe its final image
d.
Determine how it is designed differently from other Microscopes
Fluorescence microscope is a compound light microscope
Use of artificial fluorescent : FLUOROCHROME
Visible light is between UV and Infrared
Wavelength of Visible Light is: 400-700 nm
Resolution of light microscope 200 nm
5. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
a.
Explain how it works
b.
Identify parts and functions
c.
Describe image formation and view
d.
Determine how illumination and magnification occur
e. Compare
and contrast the two types
Uses ELECTROMAGNETIC LENSES
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD to drive electrons
specimen on COPPER MESH GRID
Electron microscope for objects smalled than 200 nm or 0.2 micrometers
MUST operate in vacuum AIR-TIGHT
VIRUSES are seen on electron microscope
measurement is made PICOMETERS
image is called ELECTROMICROGRAPH looks like x-ray
image is all dark, colored by PHOTOSHOP to show details
TOP is electron GUN with cable 1 million VOLTS!
NO DYE
NO specimen PREPARATION
2 types of elctron microscope
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (TEM)
SCANNING ELCTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
6. RESOLUTION: Compare limits of Resolution
for the:
a.
Human Eye (Normal vision)
b.
Light Microscope (LM)
c.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
d.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
Human EYE limit is 200 micrometers
SEM
shows 3D image
PRIMARY electron fron the GUN
SECONDARY elctrons from SPECIMEN
electron COLLECTOR produces IMAGE view on TV screen
SEM for viewing intact cells
SEM for viewing BACTERIA
SEM resolution 10 nm
SEM magnification 10,000X
SEM for viewing live microorganisms
NO DYE
NO PREPARATION
TEM and SEM show arrangement of molecular structures: rocks, plants, metals
7. DYES, STAINS, & MICROSCOPY
a.
Recall what a dye is, how it is formed, and origin of its color
b.
Describe the reaction that forms a salt or dye
c.
Determine the fate of all ions in Acid-Base reactions
d.
Compare Negative and Direct/Positive Staining
e.
Explain interaction between dyes and cells
8. CHEMICAL GROUPS OF DYES
a.
Name some dyes and their Chemical Groups
b.
Determine how each group is used
c.
Define Simple Staining, the steps, and results
d.
Describe how samples are prepared for staining
DYE is a salt
has color
transfers color
permanent
liquid/powder
chemical
SALT is a formed by CATION form a BASE
an ANION from an ACID
CATION of every ACID is HYDROGEN
ACIDTY = hydrogen (pH)
most DYES are BASIC
1 ACID DYE is NIGROSIN
neutral DYE not used
BASIC DYES are :
- CRYSTAL VIOLET
- METHYLENE BLUE
- CARBOL FUCSHIN
- MALACHITE GRENN
- SAFRANIN
- SIMPLE STAINING
- DIFFERENTIAL STAINING
- SPECIAL STAINING
9. CELLS
a.
Review history and Scientists linked to Cells, Microscopy, and Stains
b.
Name major Cell types, Platforms, and compare their sizes
c.
Compare and Contrast characteristics of Cells
d.
List the Kingdoms and identify Cell Platforms for each
e.
How are cells in one Kingdom unique or different from others?
f.
Recall cell wall material or cover for various Kingdoms
END OF TOPICS FOR TEST 2
