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Monday, March 17, 2014

PROJECT 6













WORKSHEET OF ANTI-MICROBIAL AGENTS FOR 5-MEMBER GROUP

Group Number: ________2___________














#
NAME OF
ANTIMICROBIAL
AGENT/PRODUCT
CATEGORY OR TYPE
OF ANTIMICROBIAL
AGENT
ACTIVE INGREDIENT IN
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT
MODE OR MECHANISM OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTION
INGREDIENT’S NAME
AMOUNT
1.
Purell
Sanitizer
Antibacterial
Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol)
62%
Alcohol denatures microbial proteins
2.
Biaxin
Antibiotic
Clarithromycin a macrolide antibiotic
250 mg per 5mL oral suspension
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
3.
Contact Lens Disinfectant
Disinfectant
Hydrogen peroxide
3%
Hydroxyl free radicals produced by hydrogen peroxide destroy membrane lipids of microbe
4.
Listerine
Antiseptic
Eucalyptol
Menthol
Tymol
0.092%
Bacterial cell wall destruction,
Bacterial enzymatic functions inhibition
5.
Zithromax
Antibiotic
Azithromycin
250mg
Azithromycin binds to rRNA of a bacterial ribosomal subunit, it blocks protein synthesis by inhibiting peptide translocation
6.
Anti-Bacterial Soap
Antibacterial
Triclosan
15%
Triclosan inhibits synthesis of fatty acids. Triclosan damages the cell walls of bacteria, slowing their growth so that the bacteria eventually die.
7.
Tilex
Antibacterial disinfectant
Sodium hypochlorite
2.40%
It causes proteins to lose their structures it is considered an oxidizing agent that prevents the cellular enzyme system from functioning.
8.
Lysol
Disinfectant spray
Alkyl (50% C14, 40% C12, 10% C16) dimethyl benzyl ammonium saccharinate,
Ethanol
0.10%
58.00%
The ethanol in Lysol denatures protein.
9.
Colgate Toothpaste
Anti-cavity
Sodium monofluorophosphate
0.76% (0.15% w/v fluoride ion)
When bacteria in the mouth combine with sugars they produce acid. This acid can erode tooth enamel and damage our teeth. Fluoride can protect teeth from demineralization that is caused by the acid.
10.
Amoxil
Antibiotic
Penicillin
500mg
inhibits cell wall sythesis by binging antibacterial protein
11.
Cipro
Antibiotic
Ciproflaxicin hydrochloride
500mg
Affects the ability to grow by interfering with bacterial enzymes which are nessacery for bacteria to copy and repair DNA
12.
Levaquin
Antibiotic
Levoflaxin
700mg
Affects the ability to grow by interfering with bacterial enzymes which are nessacery for bacteria to copy and repair DNA
13.
Scope
Antibacterial, Antiseptic
Cetylpyridinium Chloride
0.05 - 0.10%
Contact with bacteria occurs by the disturbance of the cell membrane, inhibition of cell function, seepage of cell contents, and eventually cell death
14.
Speed Stick Gel Deodorant
Antiperspirant
Antiseptic
Aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrex
10%, 15.4 and 18 %
Functions by diffusing into the sweat gland and forming a colloidal "plug" which limits the flow of sweat to the skin surface. The plug is gradually broken down and normal sweating resumes.
15.
Clorox
Disinfectant
Sodium Hypochlorite
6%
Hypochlorite, the active ingredient of clorox attacks essential bacterial proteins by causing proteins to lose their structure and form large aggregates. This inhibits the bacterial growth and ultimately kills the bacteria.
16.
Hydrogen Peroxide
Disinfectant
Antiseptic
Hydrogen Peroxide
3%
Oxidation of cellular components (membrane lipids), growth inhibition
17.
Fabuloso
Cleaning and foaming agents
Sodium Dodecyl Benzene (linear)
C9-11 Pareth-8
Sodium Laureth Sulfate
1%
Not antimicrobial, cleaning agents
18.
Gillette Antiperspirant Gel
Antiseptic
Aluminum Zirconium Octachlorohydrex Gly
16%
Aluminum salts are antimicrobial agents, they inhibit microbial growth by denaturing bacterial protein
19.
Dishwashing Liquid
Antibacterial
Triclosin
10%
Triclosan inhibits synthesis of fatty acids. Triclosan damages the cell walls of bacteria, slowing their growth so that the bacteria eventually die.
20.
Alcohol Swab
Antiseptic
Isopropyl
70%
Alcohols dehydrate cells, disrupt membranes and cause coagulation of protein
21.
Aquafresh
Anti-cavity
Sodium monofluorophosphate
0.15% w/v fluoride ion)
Both compounds produce ionic fluoride, which blocks glycolysis and exchanges with the hydroxyl group of the hydroxyapatite crystal of enamel. As a result, oral bacteria produce lesser amounts of acidic compounds to become more insoluble.
22.
Tide Detergent
Detergent
Borax (sodium borate)
20g/liter
Borate is a bacteriostatic and fungistatic. It inhibits bacterial and fungal growth and proliferation.
23.
Betadine
Antiseptic
Povidone iodine
10%
Impairs protein synthesis and alters cell membranes.
24.
Formaldehyde
Drying agent
Formaldehyde
10%
Inactivate proteins by forming covalent cross links with several organic functional groups on proteins
25.
Doxycycline
Antibiotic
Doxyeyclyline
200mg
lopophilic pass through lipid bilayerof bacteria blocking the binding of RNA and DNA inhibiting protein synthesis
26.
Savlon
Antiseptic
Biocide
Cetrimide
Chlorhexidine
3.0%
0.3%
Cetrimide-Destroys and damages cell membrane by lowering tension of surface. It causes microbial protein denaturation.
Chlorhexidine-Binds to cell wall and destabilizes by osmosis causing it to rupturewhich causes fluid to leak leading to lysis and death.
27.
Mitchum Antiperspirant
Aluminum Sesquichlorohydrate (anhydrous)
25%
Antiperspirant
28.
Vinegar
Antibacterial
Acetic Acid
5%
The acid kills bacteria and viruses by denaturing (chemically changing) the proteins and fats that make-up these.
29.
Dynacin
Antibiotic
Minocycline Hydrochloride
50, 100 and 200 mg
Inhibits protein synthesis and thus bacterial growth by binding to 30S and possibly 50S ribosomal subunits of susceptible bacteria
30.
Neosporin
Antibiotic
Bacitracin zinc, neomycin sulfate, and polymyxin B sulfate
BZ: 400 units, NS: 3.5mg, PBS: 5000 units
Actively transported across the bacterial cell membrane, binds to a specific receptor protein on the 30 S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, and interferes with an initiation complex between mRNA (messenger RNA) and the 30 S subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis. DNA may be misread, thus producing nonfunctional proteins; polyribosomes are split apart and are unable to synthesize protein



References:


http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/1477/SPC/Zithromax+Capsules,%20+Suspension
http://www.drugs.com/search.php?searchterm=aquafreshAnnex




Mechanisms of antimicrobial action







 TOPICS FOR TEST #3


1. BACTERIAL SHAPES & ARRANGEMENTS:

Name and describe major
a. Shapes used to identify Bacteria
b. Arrangements for Bacterial identification


2. DIFFERENTIAL STAINING

a. Describe and contrast Differential Staining with Simple Staining
b. Learn reagents and Chemical Groups of Dyes used
c. Recall steps and what each step does to the cell


3. THE GRAM STAIN

a. List the steps and describe final results
b. Identify Mordant, Decolorizer, Primary, and Counter stains
c. Determine how specimens look after each step of Gram Stain
d. Review final results of Gram Stain


4. WHY GRAM STAIN?

Learn the Explanations for Gram Reaction:

*      Peptidoglycan: Occurrence, Location, and Thickness
*      Crystal Violet-Iodine Complex
*      Components and Chemistry of Bacterial Cell Wall
*      Teichoic Acids, Lipoteichoic acids, and Basic Dyes


5. GRAM PROFILE AND COMPARISON OF GRAM POSITIVE
AND NEGATIVE BACTERIA IN TABLE 4.1, PAGE 87

a)  Basal Bodies                      e) Phospholipids
b)  Outer membrane               f) Lipo-Polysaccharides
c)  Lipid Content                     g) Types of Lipids
d)  Flagella Structure              h) Periplasm


6.     EXOTOXINS

a) What are they and where do they come from?
b)  Which microbes make them?
c) How Toxigenic are they and how do they work?
d) When can they be used for Immunological benefits?


7.     FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OF EXOTOXINS

a) Identify the 3 Functional names of Exotoxins
b) Describe their properties and targets


8.     STRUCTURAL TYPES OF EXOTOXINS

a)  Name the 3 Structural Types of Exotoxins
b)  Describe their properties and how they work
c)  Explore specific examples and list Bacteria associated with each
d) Study the bacteria, Toxin, and Symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome


9.    BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS

a)  Recall major properties of Bacterial Endotoxins
b)  Compare their characteristics to Exotoxins
c) Describe Symptoms of Endotoxins and explain how they are provoked


10.    BACTERIAL TOXIGENICITY

a)  Define Toxigenicity?
b)  Define bacterial Virulence and identify some virulence factors
c) Compare Properties and Toxigenicity for:
*      Exotoxin and Endotoxin
*      Bacteremia and Toxemia
*      Streptolysin S and Streptolysin O
*      Leukocidin and Hemolysin
*      Virulence and Non-Virulence



11.     TOXOIDS

a)  What are Toxoids?
b)  Where do they come from and how are they formed?
c)  Explain their clinical roles as vaccines


12.     ANTI-TOXINS

a)  What are Anti-toxins?
b)  Where do they come from and how are they formed?
c)  Explain their role in Immunity



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